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The American–German Colony ((ヘブライ語:המושבה האמריקאית–גרמנית), ''HaMoshava HaAmerika'it–Germanit'') is a residential neighborhood in the southern part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. It is located between ''Rechov Eilat'' and ''Rechov haRabbi mi-Bacherach'' and adjoins the Neve Tzedek area. ==History== Founded in the 19th century by the American Protestant, Christian Restorationism movement, led by George J. Adams and Abraham McKenzie. They and more colonists from Maine had arrived on 22 September 1866 in Jaffa. They founded the ''American Colony'', named ''Amelican'' (آمليكاث in Arabic), or ''Adams City'' in English. They erected their wooden houses from prefabricated pieces, which they had brought with them. However, diseases, the climate, the insecure and arbitrary treatment by the Ottoman authorities, made many colonists willing to remigrate to Maine.〔Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר), ''Peter Martin Metzler (1824–1907): Ein christlicher Missionar im Heiligen Land'' (מרטין מצלר (1907-1824): סיפורו של מיסיונר נוצרי בארץ-ישראל; dt. ), Haifa: אוניברסיטת חיפה / המכון ע"ש גוטליב שומכר לחקר פעילות העולם הנוצרי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-19, 1999 ,(פרסומי המכון ע"ש גוטליב שומכר לחקר פעילות העולם הנוצרי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-19/=Abhandlungen des Gottlieb-Schumacher-Instituts zur Erforschung des christlichen Beitrags zum Wiederaufbau Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert; vol. 2), pp. 43 and לו. ISBN 965-7109-03-5〕 In 1867 and 1868 the German , then leading a Protestant mission in Jaffa for the Swiss , helped the American colonists to sell their real estate, also buying himself much of it.〔Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר), ''Peter Martin Metzler (1824–1907): Ein christlicher Missionar im Heiligen Land'' (מרטין מצלר (1907-1824): סיפורו של מיסיונר נוצרי בארץ-ישראל; dt. ), Haifa: אוניברסיטת חיפה / המכון ע"ש גוטליב שומכר לחקר פעילות העולם הנוצרי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-19, 1999 ,(פרסומי המכון ע"ש גוטליב שומכר לחקר פעילות העולם הנוצרי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-19/=Abhandlungen des Gottlieb-Schumacher-Instituts zur Erforschung des christlichen Beitrags zum Wiederaufbau Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert; vol. 2), pp. 44, לו and לז. ISBN 965-7109-03-5〕 On 5 March 1869 Metzler sold many of the houses on to newly arriving settlers from Württemberg.〔Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר), ''Peter Martin Metzler (1824–1907): Ein christlicher Missionar im Heiligen Land'' (מרטין מצלר (1907-1824): סיפורו של מיסיונר נוצרי בארץ-ישראל; dt. ), Haifa: אוניברסיטת חיפה / המכון ע"ש גוטליב שומכר לחקר פעילות העולם הנוצרי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-19, 1999 ,(פרסומי המכון ע"ש גוטליב שומכר לחקר פעילות העולם הנוצרי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-19/=Abhandlungen des Gottlieb-Schumacher-Instituts zur Erforschung des christlichen Beitrags zum Wiederaufbau Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert; vol. 2), pp. 46 and לט. ISBN 965-7109-03-5〕 In 1861 these settlers, led by ( *1812–1879 *) and Christoph Hoffmann had founded their own Christian denomination, the Temple Society. According to their faith the Templers wished to redeem the Holy Land by an active industrious lifestyle, understood by the Templers to be the symbolic reconstruction of the Temple. However, in June 1874 the Temple denomination had undergone a schism. Temple leader Hardegg and about a third of the Templers seceded from the Temple Society, after personal and substantial quarrels with the other leader Christoph Hoffmann.〔Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר), ''Der deutsche Beitrag zum Aufstieg Jaffas 1850–1914: Zur Geschichte Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert'', Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, (=Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins; vol. 22), p. 113. ISBN 3-447-03928-0.〕 In 1889 apostatised former Templers, Protestant Swiss and German expatriates, like Plato von Ustinov, and domestic and foreign proselytes gained earlier by Metzler constituted an Evangelical Protestant congregation. Most of its parishioners lived in the colony earning it the name German Colony or Deutsche Kolonie.〔Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר), ''Der deutsche Beitrag zum Aufstieg Jaffas 1850-1914: Zur Geschichte Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert'', Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, (=Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins; vol. 22), p. 104. ISBN 3-447-03928-0.〕 In 1904 the congregation built its Immanuel Church in the Colony. On 17 November 1917 British forces conquered Jaffa and the colony, and most of the male inhabitants of the colony, holding German citizenship, were deported as enemy aliens and interned in Wilhelma.〔Frank Foerster, ''Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945'', Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991, (=Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; (), vol. 25), pp. 134 and 136. ISBN 3-579-00245-7.〕 Women, elderly and children were under police supervision.〔Frank Foerster, ''Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945'', Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991, (=Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; (), vol. 25), p. 137. ISBN 3-579-00245-7.〕 Enemy alien property was taken into public custody under Edward Keith-Roach, the ''Public Custodian of Enemy Property''.〔Frank Foerster, ''Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945'', Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991, (=Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; (), vol. 25), p. 138. ISBN 3-579-00245-7.〕 The men were released after the Treaty of Versailles became effective on 10 January 1920. After the Treaty of Lausanne, by which Turkey accepted the British mandate of Palestine, had been ratified on 5 August 1925, the public custody was lifted and the property restituted.〔 After the start of World War II the German colonists were again interned by the British authorities as the citizens of an enemy state in May 1940, and, after an internment in Wilhelma, re-settled in Germany and Australia between 1941 and 1948.〔Frank Foerster, ''Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945'', Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991, (=Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; (), vol. 25), p. 184. ISBN 3-579-00245-7.〕 Enemy alien property came again into public custody under Keith-Roach. The vacant Immanuel Church was subsequently used by the (Ministry Among Jewish People|CMJ )] until the British retreat in 1947. After the foundation of Israel its government took over the enemy alien property in its own custody. In January 1950 the state of Israel expropriated secular German enemy alien property in its own favour in anticipation of a future agreement with Germany on compensations for claims of Israeli citizens against Germany.〔Niels Hansen, ''Aus dem Schatten der Katastrophe: Die deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen in der Ära Konrad Adenauer und David Ben Gurion. Ein dokumentierter Bericht mit einem Geleitwort von Shimon Peres'', Düsseldorf: Droste, 2002, (=Forschungen und Quellen zur Zeitgeschichte; vol. 38), p. 267. ISBN 3-7700-1886-9.〕 In the course of the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany both states agreed on the compensation of the expropriated secular property of then German citizens (Property Agreement finally mediated on 1 June 1962 by Max Sørensen).〔〔("Agreement on German Secular Property in Israel" (Federal Republic of Germany, Israel) ), in: ''Reports of International Arbitral Awards/Recueil des Sentences arbitrales'', vol. XVI (3 July 1962), pp. 1-4.〕 Whereas the buildings of religious usage, like Immanuel Church and its rectory, had remained in public custody and had been handed over to the Lutheran World Federation in 1951 after an agreement of September of that year regulating Israel's compensation of expropriated Protestant religious property of secular purposes, such as schools, farms, factories etc., and the restitution of actual places of worship, cemeteries etc. to Protestant religious bodies.〔Niels Hansen, ''Aus dem Schatten der Katastrophe: Die deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen in der Ära Konrad Adenauer und David Ben Gurion. Ein dokumentierter Bericht mit einem Geleitwort von Shimon Peres'', Düsseldorf: Droste, 2002, (=Forschungen und Quellen zur Zeitgeschichte; vol. 38), p. 268. ISBN 3-7700-1886-9.〕〔Frank Foerster, ''Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945'', Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991, (=Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; (), vol. 25), p. 193. ISBN 3-579-00245-7.〕 In following years the area gradually suffered neglect, but later came to be re-developed or restored, including by a small number of American Christian restorationists, including family descendents from the original Maine community. As with the Neve Tzedek area in general, it is now a middle-class part of Tel Aviv. It is located between Florentin and old Jaffa. It is centered mainly around the Auerbach and Beer-Hofmann streets. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「American–German Colony」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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